Reduction Methods
Methods for viscous drag reduction rely on techniques that alter the turbulence
structure and/or the wall characteristics. These methods are both powered (active
methods) and unpowered.
Active methods widely used include
The are also the passive methods, such as vortex generators, along with appropriate
design of the aerodynamic surfaces, by minimizing the wetted area and the
volume. Other sophisticated techniques include:
- Hoerner SF. Fluid Dynamic Drag, Hoerner Fluid Dynamics, 1965.
- AGARD. Special Course on Concepts for Drag Reduction, AGARD Report R-654, 1977.
- AGARD. Special Course on Subsonic/Transonic Aerodynamic Intereference for
Aircraft, AGARD Report R-712, 1983.
- AGARD. Aircraft Drag Prediction and Reduction, AGARD Report R-723, 1985.
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